The King Of The Israelites - 1312 Words

he conquest of the Israelites spread like a lightning bolt. All the countries that lived within the boundaries of the Promised Land were in utter fear for their lives. Kings who had strong fortified cities within massive stone walls trembled as the stories flooded in telling them how easily Israel fought and defeated everyone in their path. Kings everywhere came together in a united effort to stop God s people from entering into their country. Instead their defiance of God s will was met with utter devastation. No one could stand up to the power behind the Israelite army. Israel held tightly to the Laws of Moses doing everything commanded. Because of each man s faithfulness a supernatural ability took over each fighting soldier giving them the ability to stand and defeat a thousand men. Leviticus 26:78, You will be victorious over your enemies; five of you will be able to defeat a hundred, and a hundred will be able to defeat ten thousand. Every promise in the Law was fulfilled because the Israelites made a conscious effort to remember the Laws and apply them to their lives. Their faithfulness to God s words empowered the Spiritual forces of the unseen heavenly kingdom and the Spirits of God ran to protect every soldier from harm while enabling them to defeat every person who tried to come up against them. Hebrews 1: 14, What are the angels, then? They are spirits who serve God and are sent by him to help those who are to receive salvation. Conquering theShow MoreRelatedWar, Disobedience And Provision From Judges And Carries Them Forward Through God1305 Words   |  6 Pagestheir oppressors despite Israel’s continued disobedience. Through his provision of the judges, victories and kings, God displayed his omnipotence over the Israelites. Since these themes are carried over throughout Judges and 1 Samuel, God is shown to be the same God over his people. From the start of Judges, war is a prevalent theme. This theme is present in the first verse when the Israelites asked, â€Å"Who shall go†¦ against the Canaanites to fight against them?† Time and time again the Lord raised upRead MoreBiblical Story Of The Israelites988 Words   |  4 Pagescomplex and deeply embedded principals that can be useful in our current context. One of the key principals that has developed throughout the biblical story of the Israelites is the love that God continued to pour out on them even through their temptation and rebellion. We shall explore this principal through the history of the Israelites and what this principal means to us today. Body Genesis tells us that ‘in the beginning God created the heavens and earth’ and then informs us of the beginningRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.728 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King Jr. gives this speech on September 28, 1965. This time period was the heart of the Civil Rights movement in America. Slaves received their freedom at the end of the Civil War, in 1865. However, the battle for former slaves did not end there. While they may have earned their freedom, there was still a long road ahead to achieving equality. Martin Luther King Jr., was a Civil Rights activist and speaker. In this speech, he talked not only about what has been accomplished, but aboutRead MoreThe Ancient Greeks And Ancient Hebrews1553 Words   |  7 Pageswhich tell many battle stories of the Greeks and Hebrews. To start off, we must talk about the ancient Greeks. As it was made known earlier, the Greeks believed in multiple gods. Each god played a different role in overseeing the world. Zeus was the king of the gods, ruling over Mount Olympus. His wife and sister was Hera, the queen of the gods, along with being the goddess of marriage, women, and other things. Along with these two, there were many more gods portrayed and discussed about in the IliadRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Judges 1298 Words   |  6 Pages The book of Judges is a very structured literary piece that uses chronological structure to make a point and emphasize an idea. Judges narrates the Israelites continual decline in morality and their downward spiral away from God, through the accounts of the judges, minor judges, and individuals. While many people use the book of judges to teach courage and strength, it would be more accurately described as a book of brokenness and terror. The book of Judges begins with a prologue. The prologueRead MoreTypes Of Government That Deuteronomistic Historians Should Write About The Israelite Nation1164 Words   |  5 Pageswrite about the Israelite nation. To understand the theory we need to apprehend what is the Deuteronomistic History’s main belief. The strongest belief was that when Israel is faithful, it prospers, but when unfaithful, it is cursed with defeat, disaster, and exile from their land. First, the earlier form of government was the confederation of the Israelite tribes. The Israelites believe that they could what they believe was right and worship just Yahweh. â€Å"11Then the Israelites did what was evilRead MoreThe Testament Of The Old Testament1331 Words   |  6 Pagestell the history of the Israelite people. This section includes the books of Judges, Kings, and Esther. The third section, the wisdom books, contain ideals on morality and guidance on how the Israelites should live their life. Finally, the Prophetic books, the fourth section, is composed of the writings of the prophets, God’s messengers, to Israel. Inside each section of the Old Testament, however, each book follows the life of a different person and story of the Israelite people. Some books inRead MoreThe Creation Of The World1206 Words   |  5 Pageshappy and want to return. Though the Israelites were assured by Joseph that â€Å"God will surely take care of [them]† (Exodus 13:19). The Israelites said that they would rather serve the Egyptians than die in the wilderness, but again they were assured that â€Å"The Lord will fight for [them]† (Exodus 14:14). After the Israelites crossed the Red Sea and Pharaoh’s horses and chariots came after them, â€Å"the Lord made the waters of the sea low back upon them, though the Israelites walked on dry land though the midstRead MoreCultural Attitudes Reflected In War. Vanissa Tsang. . Conflict1670 Words   |  7 Pagesinevitable when rules have been dismissed or violated, or when something valuable has been stolen or damaged. The Israelites got involved with a n internal war when Saul became jealous of David for being the Lord’s next chosen king; The Trojan War happened because Paris took Helen from Menelaus. Although war is a common form of conflict for the Israelites and Greeks, its objective differs by Israelites fight to gain God’s favor, or power, whereas Greeks roots from the honor of one self, legacy of the familyRead MoreBiblical Eras Of Creation, The Patriarchs, And The Ketuvim1540 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduces Israelite Moses, who killed an Egyptian for beating a Hebrew slave, fled to Midian, and encountered God in a burning a bush where God called Moses to free the Israelites in Exodus 3:10, â€Å"I am sending you to the king of Egypt so you can lead my people out of his country.† Moses’s brother, Aaron, joined him in his quest to convince the king to free his people, but the king ignored Moses’s demands from God and ten plagues came down on Egypt, which only affected non-Israelites. The fi nal plague

Ecological Integrity At Risk for the Cadron Creek...

The Cadron Creek watershed covers approximately 775 square miles and is composed mostly of forests (48%) and grassland (37%). However, a pending permit, AR0052086C, would allow a centralized waste treatment facility to discharge, recycled fracking fluid waste waters into an unnamed tributary located within the Cadron Creek watershed. This unnamed tributary flows directly into Linn Creek, which would then feed into the north fork of the Cadron and eventually into the Arkansas river (ADEQ 2013). The Cadron Creek, located within the Arkansas river basin, is listed by the US Army Corps of Engineers as an extraordinary resource water body or ERWB (USACE 2013). ERWBs are important, because they satisfy a broad range of socio-economic, cultural,†¦show more content†¦Headwater streams are of particular interest, because they have much smaller catchment sizes in relation to larger rivers and thus are more readily altered by land transformations (Meyer 2007). Land transformation as a result of anthropogenic effects continues to be one of the biggest threats to the ecological integrity of headwater streams today. Land transformation induced by human alterations to the landscape, have been shown to have negative impacts on habitat, water quality, and the biota of natural waterways (Allan 2004). For instance, in 2004 Gage found that macro invertebrates were negatively impacted by anthropogenic mediated land use, which often lead to declines and even eliminations of sensitive taxa from the stream (Gage et. al. 2004). Urbanization is considered to be one of the driving forces behind land transformation and is mainly responsible for increases in impervious surface area. Increases in impervious surface area have led to the rapid conveyance of storm waters, resulting in the increased presence of oils, metals, and road salts within surface waters (Moore et. al. 2005). The increased presence of these solutes are leading to variations in ionic concentrations that deviate from natural concentrations, thus altering the conductivity within the water systems. Conductivity is the measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical

International Human Rights Free Essays

ABSTRACT: Armed conflict, either internationally or internally, has caused great sufferings to the victims and society as a whole. It constitutes a situation where the rule of law is absent and human rights are no longer respected. Even though various preventive endeavours have been campaigned and implemented by the international community, the occurrences of armed conflicts are still inevitable due to political fluxes and fractions or disputes over power, which proved that preventive measures alone are not enough. We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now This grave situation calls for the role of transitional justice to tackle the repercussions of armed conflicts in post conflicts situations, which in the long run can enhance the preventive measures in preventing the re-occurrences of armed conflict. However, the implementation of transitional justice in post conflict situations showed to be problematic due to various factors. The most prominent factor that impedes the implementation of transitional justice is the preference of States in applying realpolitik and amnesty laws to perpetrators of gross human rights violations in order to gain political stability. In responding to this problem, it is of the opinion of this thesis that under international law, accountability for gross human rights violations should remain to be the main purpose of transitional justice in implementing its approaches to establish justice and peace in post conflict situations. Based on that point of view, this thesis is aimed to discuss the implementation of transitional justice in post conflict situations in general. Firstly, it will discuss the implementation of transitional justice approaches over the history to come to terms with past atrocities and to establish a new starting ground for society in post conflict situations. Secondly, the thesis will also hold a discussion about transitional justice under the framework of international law, especially on the relation between the concept with international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. Lastly, this thesis will use a study case from Indonesia concerning post conflict situations in Aceh and Papua after the downfall of the New Order regime in 1998 as a testing ground to apply the analyses on transitional justice approaches under the framework of international law and to asses the problems occurred in implementing transitional justice approaches in Aceh and Papua. How to cite International Human Rights, Papers

Meursault By Albert Camus Essay Example For Students

Meursault By Albert Camus Essay Testing the Boundaries of Algerian Conventional Society In this essay, I amgoing to explore Albert Camus use of Meursaults murder trial in TheStranger to note the absurdity of the defined social behavior in Algeria whileforcing the reader to evaluate his or her own morality. Camus asks the reader toform a mental and emotional relationship with Meursault through the descriptiveand, in the end, destructively honest narrative. He then asks the reader todepend not on the law, which in this novel represents conventional socialbehavior, but on this newfound relationship to decide Meursault fate. Camusintroduction of Meursault uses straightforward and very honest language. Whilethe reader is aware from the beginning that Meursault deviates from the norm,through factual, and almost play-by-play details, Meursault dares the reader tojudge him, and we do. We criticize him for not showing more emotion towards hismothers death. We expect him to show more affection towards Marie, whom heclaims to love and we want him to exert a more forceful voice in the situationbetween Raymond and his girlfriend. However, we respect his honesty andappreciate his need to almost separate himself from the emotions that seem todrive us all a little crazy. Camus then challenges this respect and appreciationwith a violent act. As the story reaches the climax with the murder, ouropinions of Meursault change because, as Camus makes us aware, society hascondemned him not for murder but for being different. Indeed, the gentlemen ofthe jury will take note of the fact. And they will conclude that a stranger mayoffer a cup of coffee, but that beside the body of the one who brought him intothe world, a son should have refused it. (91) Meursaults guilt, as theprosecutor points out, stems from his odd behavior over the loss of his mother. Unlike American society, although not by much, the Algerian social standardscall for Meursault to weep in sorrow and be distraught during the funeraldespite his relationship with his mother. As part of American society, weattempt to create our own meaning for Meursaults actions. We want hisrelationship with his mother to explain these actions. On the other hand,perhaps, we want to say that he was taught not to show is emotions.American society searches for the psychological reasons for Meursaultsactions. Our focus is not on the murder per say. It is on the reasons behind themurder. What made him snap? However, we must separate ourselves from whatAmerican society has taught us and focus only on what Camus tries to teach usabout Algerian society. Algerian society is about getting to the core ofMeursaults defiance not because it will help to better explain his actions,but because when one defies the rules of society he, or she, must pay. The trialis not a murder trial. It is a trial of morals and emotion. Why else would theprosecutor focus so much on the death of Meursaults mother? Why else wouldthe later part of the book turn into a self-evaluation of Meursault and ofourselves? During the preparation for the trial, the reader becomes increasinglyaware of Meursaults sensitivity. Meursault has to explain his feelings andnot his actions to the court, something that seems impossible for even the mostsocially acceptable. We feel pity for him because his past torments him. Camususes this pity for Meursault. He wants the reader to identify with Meursault andsympathize with his situation. Once Camus sets up the link between the readerand Meursault, he makes the reader resent the judges. Camus provokes the readerto resent the judges of Meursault by having us feel that the judges arequestioning our behavior as well. This resentment towards the judges, andultimately towards society, becomes the basis for our decision to either supportor condemn Meursault. Camus forces the r eader to revaluate his or her morals inorder to avoid condemnation by society. We envy Meursault because he is able tobe honest and true to himself, and although Meursault could have saved himselfhad he repented or showed remorse, he saves himself by not doing that, and thisis what we respect because Meursault has done what we are afraid of doing: hequestions society. Let us look at the actual murder. Meursault, in what seems tobe an act of pure evil, fires an involuntary shot followed by four voluntaryones. The four voluntary and unnecessary shots start Meursaults process ofquestioning society, and the readers process of questioning him or her self. .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 , .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .postImageUrl , .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 , .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1:hover , .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1:visited , .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1:active { border:0!important; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1:active , .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1 .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1985e6c12d3207b91ed2a92dab85a9d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parliament and the High Court EssayAs the judges connect Meursaults emotionless past to his crime, the readerexplores exactly how they are like Meursault. Camus wants the reader to feelthat at any moment society can condemn him or her in the same way that Meursaultis condemned. This is not to say, however, that Camus want us to forget aboutthe violent murder. Rather, Camus intentionally disassociates the act of themurder from the actual sentence. This separation reveals the absurdity ofAlgerian, and in many ways American society. Camus needs the reader to believethat the court kills Meursault for his indifference, in order for the reader tofeel unsatisfied with the verdict . Because we see Meursault as an innocentforce, almost child like, we begin to question our own innocence. And yet, weare, because of societys conditioning, unable to separate the murder from theverdict. The reader, like the judges, begins to prosecute Meursault for opposingsociety, and uses the murder to justify this prosecution. Camus then, after thereader feels satisfied with not having defied society, uses Meursaults momentof self-evaluation to make the reader self-evaluate himself. On page 121,Meursault asks, What did other peoples deaths or a mothers love matter tome; what did his God of the lives people choose of the fate they think theyelect matter to me when were all elected the same fate, me and billions ofprivileged people like him who also called themselves my brothers? What wouldit matter if he were accused of murder and then executed because he did not cryat his mothers funeral? Meursaults newfound awareness compels the readerto ask: in what way am I Meursault? Am I gu ilty of being different?How will I act when a parent passes away? In prosecuting Meursault, thereaders prosecute themselves. Camus forces us to make a connection that isentirely different, better yet, independent of societys connection to murderand guilt. Camus has the reader put Meursault on trial to determine his owninnocence. The Stranger, and ultimately the murder trial, is a process ofself-awareness based not on what society has taught us, but on what Camusteaches us through Meursaults situation. Through this self-awareness, Camusis able to provide a valid argument against the absurdity of what society callsappropriate behavior. We see that there is no such thing as appropriatebehavior because in the end, society condemns us all. The reader becomesMeursaults source of strength, Camus source of truth, and societys judges.

THE CRUCIBLE Essays (397 words) - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

THE CRUCIBLE by Andrew Lawrence The witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts in the early sixteen hundreds was a time of uneasiness and suspicion. Anyone could easily turn in his or her neighbor on the ground of witchcraft. Someone could merely say their neighbor's spirit had attacked them during the night, which no man can prove. Nevertheless, as a God-fearing community, they could not think of denying the evidence, because to deny the existence of Evil is to deny the existence of Goodness, which is God. The most important scene in the play was act two, scene three, where John Proctor is able to talk with his wife, Elizabeth, one last time. He decides that he will "confess" to the crime of witchcraft, thereby avoiding being hung. However, to accept what he said, the judge also requires him to sign a written confession which states that he confessed to the crime of witchcraft. Judge Danforth would post it on the church door, to use Proctor as an example to get other people to confess. That upset Proctor greatly, because people would look down on him with disdain, and it would blacken forever his name. What was most important to him was to make a stand against the insanity of the town, for himself and for God, and using that as a last resort to make people aware of what was happening. This last stand for righteousness is an example of proctor's great character and rationale. Arthur Miller wrote his play, The Crucible, a story about the Salem witch trials, and the panic resulting from it, as an allegory to show people the insanity of the McCarthy hearings. He wrote it as an allegory so that, if tried by McCarthy, he could say, "it's just a play about the witch trials in Salem. How do you get this communist idea from it?" The story illustrates how people react to mass hysteria, created by a person or group of people desiring fame, as people did during the McCarthy hearings. Arthur Miller, acting as a great visionary, warned us that if we did not become aware of history repeating itself, our society would be in danger. At the same time, he had to do this in a matter that would not get him arrested, hence the witch-trial mechanization.

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 The Alien and Sedition Acts were four national security bills passed by the 5th U.S. Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President John Adams in the midst of fears that a war with France was imminent. The four laws restricted the rights and actions of U.S. immigrants and limited the First Amendment freedom of speech and freedom of the press rights. The four acts- the Naturalization Act, the Alien Friends Act, the Alien Enemies Act, and the Sedition Act- increased the minimum U.S. residency requirement for the naturalization of aliens from five to fourteen years; empowered the President of the United States to order aliens considered â€Å"dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States† or who came from a hostile county deported or imprisoned; and restricted speech that criticized the government or government officials.   Alien and Sedition Acts Key Takeaways The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the 5th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President John Adams.The four national security bills were passed amid fears that a war with France could not be avoided.The four acts were: the Naturalization Act, the Alien Friends Act, the Alien Enemies Act, and the Sedition Act.The Alien and Sedition Acts restricted the rights and actions of immigrants and limited the freedoms of speech and of the press contained in the Constitution’s First Amendment.The Sedition Act, limiting the freedoms of speech and of the press, was by far the most controversial of the four laws.The Alien and Sedition Acts were also a part of a power struggle between America’s first two political parties; the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. While presented on the premise of preparing for war, the laws were also part of a larger power struggle between the nation’s first two political parties- the Federalist Party and the Anti-federalist, Democratic-Republican Party. The negative public opinion of the Federalist-backed Alien and Sedition Acts proved a major factor in the controversial 1800 presidential election, in which Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent federalist President John Adams. The Political Aspect When John Adams was elected as the second President of the United States in 1796, his Federalist Party, which favored a strong federal government, had started losing its political dominance. Under the Electoral College system at the time, Thomas Jefferson, of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party, had been elected as Adams’ vice president. Democratic-Republicans- especially Jefferson- believed the states should have more power and accused the Federalists of trying to turn the United States into a monarchy.   When the Alien and Sedition Acts came before Congress, the laws’ Federalist backers argued they would strengthen America’s security during the looming war with France. Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans opposed the laws, calling them an attempt to silence and disenfranchise voters who disagreed with the Federalist Party by violating the right of freedom of speech in the First Amendment. At a time when most immigrants supported Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the Naturalization Act raised the minimum residency requirement to qualify for American citizenship from five to 14 years.The Alien Friends Act empowered the president to deport or jail any immigrant deemed to be â€Å"dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States† at any time.The Alien Enemies Act authorized the president to deport or jail any male immigrant above age 14 from a â€Å"hostile nation† during times of war.Finally, and most controversially, the Sedition Act restricted speech considered critical of the federal government. The law prevented people accused of violating the Sedition Act from using the fact that their critical statements had been true as a defense in court. As a result, several newspaper editors who criticized the Federalist Adams administration were convicted of violating the Sedition Act. The XYZ Affair and the Threat of War Their fight over the Alien and Sedition Acts was just one example of how America’s first two political parties were split over foreign policy. In 1794, Britain was at war with France. When Federalist President George Washington signed the Jay Treaty with Britain it greatly improved Anglo-American relations but enraged France, America’s Revolutionary War ally.   Shortly after taking office in 1797, President John Adams tried to smooth things over with France by sending diplomats Elbridge Gerry, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and John Marshall to Paris to meet face-to-face with French foreign minister, Charles Talleyrand. Instead, Talleyrand sent three of his representatives- referred to as X, Y, and Z by President Adams- who demanded a $250,000 bribe and a $10 million loan as conditions of meeting with Talleyrand. After the U.S. diplomats rejected Talleyrand’s demands, and the American people became angered by the so-called XYZ Affair, fears of an outright war with France spread. While it never escalated beyond a series of naval confrontations, the resulting undeclared Quasi-War with France further strengthened the Federalists argument for passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.   Sedition Act Passage and Prosecutions Not surprisingly, the Sedition Act evoked the most heated debate in the Federalist-controlled Congress. In 1798, as it is today, sedition is defined as the crime of creating a revolt, disturbance, or violence against lawful civil authority- the government- with the intent to cause its overthrow or destruction. Loyal to Vice President Jefferson, the Democratic-Republican minority argued the Sedition Act violated the First Amendment’s protection of freedom of speech and the press. However, President Adams’ Federalist majority prevailed, arguing that under both U.S. and British common law, seditious acts of libel, slander, and defamation had long been punishable offenses and that freedom of speech should not protect seditious false statements. President Adams signed the Sedition Act into law on July 14, 1798, and by October, Timothy Lyon, a Democratic-Republican congressman from Vermont, had become the first person convicted of violating the new law. During his current reelection campaign, Lyon had published letters criticizing Federalist Party policies in Republican-leaning newspapers. A grand jury indicted him on charges sedition for publishing material with â€Å"intent and design† to defame the U.S. government in general and President Adams personally. Acting as his own defense attorney, Lyon argued that he had no intent to harm the government or Adams by publishing the letters and that Sedition Act was unconstitutional. Despite being supported by popular opinion, Lyon was convicted and sentenced to four months in jail and fined $1,000, a sizable amount at a time when members of the House received no salary and were paid only a $1.00 per diem. While still in prison, Lyon easily won reelection and later overcame a Federalist motion to expel him from the House. Perhaps of more historic interest was the Sedition Act conviction of political pamphleteer and journalist James Callender. In 1800, Callender, originally a backer of Republican Thomas Jefferson, was sentenced to nine months in jail for what a grand jury called his â€Å"false, scandalous, and malicious writing, against the said President of the United States,† then Federalist John Adams. From jail, Callender continued to write widely-published articles supporting Jefferson’s 1800 campaign for president. After Jefferson won the controversial 1800 presidential election, Callender demanded that he be appointed to a postmaster position in return for his â€Å"services.† When Jefferson refused, Callender turned on him, taking his revenge by publishing the first evidence supporting the long-rumored claim that Jefferson had fathered children by his slave Sally Hemings. Including Lyon and Callender, at least 26 people- all opposing the Adams administration- were prosecuted for violating the Sedition Act between 1789 and 1801. The Legacy of the Alien and Sedition Acts Prosecutions under the Sedition Act spurred protests and widespread debate over the meaning of freedom of the press in the context of political speech. Credited as being the deciding factor in Jefferson’s election in 1800, the law represented the worst mistake of John Adams’ presidency. By 1802, all of the Alien and Sedition Acts except the Alien Enemies Act had been allowed to expire or had been repealed. The Alien Enemies Act remains in effect today, having been amended in 1918 to allow the deportation or imprisonment of women. The law was used during World War II to order the confinement of more than 120,000 Americans of Japanese descent in internment camps until the end of the war. While the Sedition Act violated key provisions of the First Amendment, the current practice of â€Å"Judicial Review,† empowering the Supreme Court to consider the constitutionality of laws and executive branch actions had not yet been perfected. Sources and Further Reading â€Å"The Alien and Sedition Acts: Defining American Freedom.† Constitutional Rights Foundationâ€Å"Alien and Sedition Acts.† The Avalon Project at Yale Law School  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our Documents: Alien and Sedition Acts.† National Archives and Records Administrationâ€Å"The thin-skinned president who made it illegal to criticize his office.† The Washington Post (September 8, 2018)Ragsdale, Bruce A. â€Å"The Sedition Act Trials.† Federal Judicial Center (2005)

Annotated Bibliography on Virtual Classroom for Middle School Research Paper

Annotated Bibliography on Virtual Classroom for Middle School - Research Paper Example Generally, the findings of the study showed online learning are user-friendly and cost-effective. This study would be useful in this study, as it would supply resourceful insights to expand the critical dimensions of the study. Peterson, P., E. (2010). Saving Schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning. New York: Harvard University Press. This book explored the subject of virtual learning within the overall perspective of the historical development of the American education system. The book analyzed the efforts of change advocated by prominent reformers from the eighteenth century to the current period. One general observation that the study makes is that the reform efforts did not yield the desired results as originally intended by the reformers. For instance the book argues that the falling standards of America’s education system is a result of the cumulative effects of past reform efforts. However, the study concludes that virtual learning has the potential of reversing t he damage done on the American education system. This source would be resourceful in analyzing the possible opportunities and pitfalls of virtual learning. Kupczynski, L., Mundy, M., A., Goswami, J., Meling, V. (2012). Cooperative Learning in Distance Learning: A Mixed Methods Study. International Journal of Instruction, 5, (2), 81-90. This study sought to determine the efficacy of cooperative learning within virtual settings. The study was conducted at a Hispanic Serving Institute. The study compared between the traditional forms of online learning and online cooperative learning on the score of effectiveness. The study consisted of 56 participants. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study. Regarding the quantitative results, the study established that there was no significant difference in performance between students from the traditional online approaches and those in the online cooperative learning category. However, qualitative results of this study show ed that a significant percentage of the respondents in the cooperative learning category were more satisfied than those in the traditional forms of online learning. The relevance of this source to the study is to be determined from the score of comparisons between the different forms of virtual learning in relation to its relevance in grade school. Sun, K. (2005). A study on learning effect among different learning styles in a Web-based lab of science at elementary schools. Advanced Learning Technologies. 80-82 This study sought to investigate the value of virtual learning within the field of science at the elementary level. The study involved a comparison of between two groups in a laboratory learning session. The intervention group was subjected to a web-based program of learning while the control group was limited to conventional forms of laboratory learning. The results showed that students from the web-based learning program showed better results than those in the conventional methods. The results also showed that the virtual learning model was suitable for different forms of learning. Further, the results of the study indicated that a majority of the students preferred to be subjected to the web-based models of learning than the other forms of learning. A significant majority expressed their displeasure in the exclusive use of the textbook model of teaching and argued in favor of

Plato's Apology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato's Apology - Essay Example mary charges, namely, that he is spreading sacrilegious ideas in the marketplace, that he is associating with the Sophists, that he is corrupting the young, and that he does not honor the gods of Athens. Surprisingly, this man did not choose to flee the city in the common form of resisting arrest and instead chose to appear before the court and speak in his own defense. It is generally considered a poor choice to have the accused speak for himself, and it could be argued that Socrates didnt do himself any favors in attempting to present his case. However, after participating in the trial, I must admit I strongly disagree with my fellow jurors who have sentenced this man to death. Through his defense against that charges that have been pressed against him, Socrates has caused me to understand just why his actions are so vital to the strengthening and preservation of our fine community. The first charge brought against Socrates was that he was spreading sacrilegious ideas. This charge was levied against him as a result of his conversational habit of constantly challenging others ideas. When defending himself against this charge, Socrates admitted he did engage in this practice, but not as a means of spreading sacrilege. He instead claims that this idea has been taken out of context and twisted by old enemies of his. He said they tell "of one Socrates, a wise man, who speculated about the heaven above, and searched into the earth beneath, and made the worse appear the better cause† (Apology: 944). Socrates insisted he didnt intend to make people question the gods, but was instead working to understand the Oracles statement that he was the wisest man alive. As any same man might, Socrates had difficulty believing such a statement and he was forced to undertake a series of inquiries looking ‘into the heavens and earth" to learn why the Oracle might have sa id such a thing. Rather than an attempt to encourage sacrilege, Socrates said this was a personal journey of

Gandhi and the Salt March Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gandhi and the Salt March - Term Paper Example Civil Disobedience is one such way to firmly disapprove something but it requires tremendous courage to stand up against a higher authority knowing that one wrong step can annihilate the entire movement. Yet, many leaders throughout the world have achieved a lot by exercising Civil disobedience. One of the finest examples of non-violent civil disobedience is the Dandi March or the Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a firm believer in â€Å"satyagraha† and â€Å"ahimsa†. In fact so firm was Gandhi’s belief in civil disobedience that he said that it was â€Å"the greatest and the most activist force in the world.† An indeed, the Salt March changed the course of Indian history forever all because of one man’s firm belief in acts of non-violence. Born in Porbandar, Gujarat, Gandhi was a well educated man and attended college in England for his higher studies. However, the plight of Indian and blacks at the hands of the Euro peans hurt him a lot. His first brush with non-violent protests was in South Africa where he fought for the rights of Indian Hindus and Muslims in South Africa. His conscience constantly pricked him, because he knew that his own homeland was suffering under the colonial British Raj. He returned to India in 1915 and soon emerged as one of the many freedom fighters. However, Gandhi’s ahimsa or non-violent ways were very unique and surprising. Gandhi was looking for thinking of doing something that would bring the British Raj down on its knees, something that was strong enough to bind the entire Indian subcontinent together to fight for one cause and soon enough he found a very humble but immensely strong reason. The British, who had colonized India had levied harsh taxes on salt production and soon followed that with a law forbidding anyone from making salt, thus gaining monopoly over this essential commodity. For years fruitless protests were conducted to get rid of the salt t ax. But the tax was not the only thing that the Indians wanted to be free from. They wanted â€Å"Purna Swaraj† or complete freedom in all its spheres including political, economic and social. The freedom fighting leaders proclaimed that freedom was everyone’s birthright. But, such acts of freedom needed a firm beginning. Previously, many small protests and movements had been organized against the British, but not one of these movements had power enough to stir the authority and challenge the power. After the proclamation of obtaining absolute freedom, Gandhi was looking for ways to achieve what was rightfully theirs. The topic of salt tax and salt monopoly gave a fine idea to Mahatma Gandhi, who knew that such a sensitive topic would stir all Indians, rich or poor, Hindu or Muslim, because salt was equally essential to all and the taxes hurt everyone equally. However, he was aware that violent acts of rebellion and protests would land his supporters and himself in jai l, so he turned to â€Å"ahimsa†, the non-violent way. The historic Dandi March took place on March 12; 1930.Gandhi was followed by volunteers and fellow â€Å"satyagraha† or believers in passive resistance. After the Non-Cooperation movement in the 1920’s, the Dandi march was on of the most significant incidences that questioned the British authority in India. It started from Sabarmati ashram, the place where

Human resource Management in International Expansion

Human resource Management in International Expansion In todays global environment when expanding a business in to another country IHRM would play a handle new key role. There can be identified very clear 6 differences between domestic and international HRM. They are more HR activities, need for broader perspectives, the more involve with employees personal life, risk exposure, broader external influence, changes in emphasis as work force mix of expatriates and locals. IHRM is concern with staffing policies, recruitment and selection, remuneration, motivation, training and development, performance appraisals, promotion, retirement, redundancy and lay off, industrial relations and foreign assignments. Expatriates are the employees who is working and temporarily residing in a foreign country. They could be PCNs, TCNs or HCNs. Due to the development of technologies such as telecommunication, satellite and computer technology and lower cost in going business globally has made the IHRM much more important and easy to manage when compared to the last to few decades. For any organization that have global operations all around the world IHRM would play a Key factor for the company success. Session 2 When a organization do business internationally, understanding the cultural deferences among the countries is very essential to be successful in the long run. This is because operations starting in another country, if there are huge cultural difference among the parent and the subsidiary companies would face varies implications. According to the Hofsteds there are 5 cultural damnations. Power distance This is the extent to which power is distributed unequally among the employees in between the higher positions and the lower positions. Eg India is a high power distance culture (even have a cast system) and USA is a lower power distance culture. Individualism vs collectivisms In a individualistic country people would priorities them self ( USA) where as collectivism country people would priorities group needs. Uncertainty avoidance People would try to minimize risk they face in a situation ( avoiding paralysis through analysis ) usually countries with long history and traditions have a high uncertainty avoidance. Countries such as USA well come higher risks. Masculinity/femininity Masculine- tough value dominant Eg; success, money, satiates, competition Feminine- tender values dominant such as personal relationships, care for others, quality of life etc. When we take Sri Lanka for a example I think we have feminine culture even though have many masculinity futures. The best example for this is during the tsunami situation whole county get together to help the tsunami victims within ours. Cross-cultural communication Similarly, among various countries cross-cultural communication is very necessary so that they can understand each others through religion, culture, art, literature, foreign policies, fiscal polices, etc. such type of bridges of understanding will help to lessen and minimize the gap between two culture. Thirukkural, a noted tamil poet, who has been translated in more than twenty five languages and who had been famous for ethical themes and brevity, has very aptly remarked on power of speech: The goodness called goodness of speech IS goodness which nothing can reach Since gain or ruin speeches brings Guard against the slips of tongue Weight the words and, speak, because No wealth or virtue words surpass. They overspeak who do not seek A few and flawless words to speak (Gupta .reprint 2004) It is said that speech is grater than words, mind is greater than speech, will is grater than mind consciousness is greater than will, meditation is greater than will and power of understanding is greater than meditation.sanakumara, surmonzing narad atma vidya or brahmavidya (knowledge of the supreme) says : power of understanding beings sine quo non for proper meditation, thats is greater than meditation. If we cannot correctly understand and discriminate good and bad, truth and untruth and discriminate between good and bad, truth and untruth, and the like pairs of opposites, how can we meditate? Thus there is no doubt that the power of understanding is linked with speech, one of the tools of communication. Session 3 There are many activities effecting the IHRM in a organizational context. Industrial relations, health and safety, management style, authority structure, organizational structure, leader ship style and etc. And organization could implement a different structures such as global product division, global area division and global matrix structure depends on the situation, subsidiary age and size structure adopted. Controlling of subsidiary would have both formal and informal control systems. Formal methods would be structure, reporting systems, budget and targets where as informal methods would be cooperate culture and personal relationships. we know some of the transferable HRM policies such as physical layouts, use of technologies, holiday entitlements, quality circles depending on the culture, motivation and leadership style, performance appraisals and etc. company expatriates would have to perform the key activities when implementing the procedures in subsidiary an at the same time adopt the suitable local norms, standards and value in to the system to make it more localize the operations. Improving the performance, implementation of corporate culture, solve technical problems, handling of sensitive information, reduces risk, improve trust and team working skills are some of the important functions that expatriates should perform during a foreign assignment. Future more political stability, country infrastructure, technology and resources available in the country, organizational and national cultural differences should be looking to when implementing IHRM policies. Session 4 When starting a subsidiary in a foreign country, there are many reasons why expatriates are needed. Teaching a new process, setting up a new branch, facilitating the knowledge transfer between parent and the subsidiary, helping branch to implement a matrix integration is some of the purposes. This would also depend on the relationship between parent and subsidiary, amount of investment, other host country environment factors. Depending on the host culture, size and the maturity of firm, relative importance of the subsidiary, moral and ethics balancing of standardization and localization of HRM could be done. Localization would be the recruitments, holidays, leave procedures and etc. according to Huo the best IHRM practice ought to be the ones best adopted to culture and national environment. Developing staff members investing in human capital, career development, good working conditions and good management practice could help the organization to retain and attract skilled and qualified labour force in to the organizations. In Sri Lanka Mas holdings is a very good example for a organization which is practicing this method Session 5 There are many ways of staffing international operations. They are ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric and regiocentric. Each of this method has it own advantages and disadvantages. Most of the companies use ethnocentric approach at the initial stage and move to polycentric approach after some time. Eg;- after operating Sri Lanka for many years Coca Cola has appointed a Sri Lankan as a country head for the first time. Organizations use expatriate for international assignment as position filling, management and development and for organizational development. They could be assigned for varies time periods and would have many roles to play as expatriate such as agent of control/socialization, network builder, boundary spanner, language node, transfer of knowledge etc. Non-expatriates are people who travel internationally, yet no conceder as expatriate as they do not relocate to another county.. Examples for non-expatriates are auditors, inspection department, regional managers etc. even though its a glimmers life on first site non- expatriates would have high level of stress because of family working arrangements, health concern and host culture issues. Even expatriates would face lot of difficulties such as spouse and family problems, lack of cultural sensitivity, reluctant to change and adopt, them us mentality, home country mentality and etc. There for organizations must use most appropriate method when selecting a person for a expatriate job. Session 6 When recruiting a expatriate for a international assignment organizations has to be extremely concern. This is because expatriate failure is extremely costly for an organization. Career advancements financial incentives, interest in countries, interest to travel are the factors that motivate the expatriates. For expatriate to be successful in a foreign assignment they have to have the job knowledge and motivation, job related skills, be flexible and adoptable, helpful family situations and extra cultural openness. Expatriate failure could be defined as premature return or under performance during the a foreign assignment. There could be varies reasons for early return of a expatriate but direct cost of the failure is extremely high for the organization. Eg- salary and training cost, airfares, relocation expenses, exchange rates, replacing the failed manager etc. indirect costs would be the damagers to the relationship with stake holders, family relationships, and negative effects on the local staff members. There are four phases in cultural adjustments which expatriate has to go through in a foreign assignment. They are, Tourist every thing is new and enjoyable Crisis/ cultural shock see differences and negative side off the new culture Pulling up Adjustment There is a high possibility of expatriate to exit during the cultural shock period. There for in this each stage organizations would have to take many steps to easy the situation.. Eg- food, customs, cultural values(seniority), home sickness etc. Session 7 Training and development of expatriates is essential for the success of a intentional assignment. This is because expatriates are send to subsidiaries to show how systems and procedures work, ensure adoption and motivation of performance. There for cultural differences and business out comes attitudes and how it effects the behavior, facts about the target country, skill building and language is some of the areas that organization should look in to. Effective pre-departure training should include cultural awareness programmes, preliminary visits, language training, non traditional assignments and training etc. future more practical assistance for relocation, find accommodation and schooling, future language training, would also contribute to adaptation of expatriates and his family members to settle down. Many methods could be use ot train the expatriates and many examples Some off them was showing videos, giving case studies, role play and anointing a experience mentor. Session 8 Multinational organizations would face lots of performance management issues and expatriate re-entering career issues. Performance management is also a way of controlling the subsidiaries. It also contribute shape the organizational culture. HCNs and non-expatriate performance would have to be evaluated separately. Appraisal of host country nationals could be done with standardizes company evaluation form. But customization of the form according to the local staff should be done to get the maximum benefits to the all parties. Performance evaluation criteria would be done on hard goals, soft goals and contextual goals. When evaluating the performance of a non- expatriate stress associated with constent air travel, family relationship issues should also be considered. Expatriate performance would be evaluated on how well he/she achieve organizational targets, relationship and network build up with key parties, implementation of cooperate culture in the organization and etc. evaluation results would also have a impact from who is doing the appraisal, frequency, timeliness and use of standards and customization of the appraisal form. Re-entry of expatriate after completion of foreign assignment would also have to be given consideration. Preparation, physical relocation, transactional readjustments are the phases which have to go through again. To retain the staff in the organization and repatriation pre-departure career discussions, naming a contact person, succession planning and etc could be done. Eg- decrease of living standards, children schooling issues and etc. Session 9 For a multinational organization to be successful they should have a good compensation package in place for their employees. This is because different countries different currencies, labour laws and customs are in place. There for expatriate pay should be determine according to cost of living, hardship, currency fluctuations, health care, housing, taxation and education expense of children. To determine the compensation package awarded to the expectorates going rate approach and balance sheet approach can be used. Even though both approaches have its advantages and disadvantages the balance sheet approach is the most commonly used system in multinationals. Balance sheet approach would consider about the goods and services cost, housing cost, income tax and reserves when determining the benefit package. Session 10 When a organization do business with a another country to make this transactions successful knowing the business ethics and social customs are very essential. Different countries have different values, practices, and taboos which you have to understand and be respectful. From country to country the way they use first name, title, position and states, dining practices, tipping, gift giving, and that an traveling etiquettes, greetings, superstitions and taboos differ. Japanese people shows and have a grate respect to the business card and exchange and consider are in tipping as a insult. Different countries have different meal times, number of courses. Eating every thing in the plate or leaving some thing in the plate could be reason to be offended in some cultures. Some times its better not to know what is in your plate which you are serve to eat and be restrain form giving comments on the foods. ( it is better to eat without knowing whats in the plate (eg- dog meat, snake meat) without offending your counter party.) When going abroad for business deal proper dressing, footwear and packing and even and quality luggage could add some value to your transaction. Male and female relationships would also in a differ from culture to culture and it is wise not to use you are hummer during a business meetings . holidays and holy days also differ from country to country according to the religion they and practice and the traditions. And organization should looking to this because many cultures do not make any business decisions in holy days. Even though bribery is conceder illegal, unethical and immoral it almost take place all over the world. But if an organization is doing this kind of transactions they would have to be extremely careful because it could lead to fines and damage of organization reputation.

Helen Stoner :: English Literature Helen Stoner Essays

Helen Stoner Helen Stoner is instantly stereotyped by readers as a judicious and unpretentious lady of high society England. Conan Doyle pulls the strings of the Victorian males desires and creates a 'damsel in distress', who comes to a man for aid that she does not have the resources to conclude herself. He portrays her as a woman who is wronged and in great danger therefore adding to the suspense of the story. Analysing the assortment of clothes that she is wearing the reader can conclude that she is of sufficient 'breeding' and discreet. 'A woman dressed in black, and heavily veiled' tells us that she is unaccustomed to travelling around the conurbation solitary. She is dressed in black as not to attract attention. It was uncommon for women of a high-class family to travel around the metropolis alone, she may think this shameful, which is interesting considering that it contrasts to modern day westernised civilisation where it could be interpreted as independent. Manners were of paramount importance in Victorian society, and Helen Stoner is represented as a woman who is capable of being able to display the correct 'society manners'. Victorians were very pedantic about how a woman was allowed to greet any males in her presence. The fact that she is 'heavily veiled' specifies that she does not wish for Dr Watson or Mr Holmes to direct any attention to her looks but instead to her story. This suggests to the reader that no improper conduct was to be entertained. Helen Stoner also clearly has a methodical mind. She has natural intelligence yet is prohibited to show any real deduction that may question a mans views. This is why she visits Mr Holmes. She has no power over her stepfather, her views, as a woman would be thought totally irrational by other males, so she seeks professional (male) help in the form of Sherlock Holmes. It is comprehensible to me that she has been pushed beyond her mental limitations as a human being long ago, 'She raised her veil as she spoke, and we could clearly see that she was indeed in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all drawn and grey, with restless, frightened eyes, like those of some hunted animal. Her features and figure was those of a woman of thirty, but her hair was shot with premature grey, and her expression was weary and haggard' yet she has put up with what she has been reduced to simply because it was seen as improper for a woman to question what a man was doing or for a woman to draw attention to her home life.